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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">endoserg</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Эндокринная хирургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Endocrine Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-3513</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2310-3965</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Типография «Печатных дел Мастер»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14341/serg201716-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">endoserg-8826</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Национальные клинические рекомендации</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>National clinical recomendations</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Российские клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению высокодифференцированного рака щитовидной железы у взрослых, 2017 год</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>2017 Russian clinical practice guidelines for differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-4584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельцевич</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Германович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Beltsevich</surname><given-names>Dmitriy G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела хирургии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">belts67@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6338-7490</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ванушко</surname><given-names>Владимир Эдуардович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vanushko</surname><given-names>Vladimir E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., главный научный сотрудник отдела хирургии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vanushko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-634X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцев</surname><given-names>Павел Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rumiantsev</surname><given-names>Pavel O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующий отделом радионуклидной диагностики и терапии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pavelrum@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-7877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельниченко</surname><given-names>Галина Афанасьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnichenko</surname><given-names>Galina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, директор Института клинической эндокринологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">teofrast2000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Николай Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Nikolay S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий отделом эндокринной хирургии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuznetsovnikolays@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-9996</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абросимов</surname><given-names>Александр Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abrosimov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий отделом фундаментальной патоморфологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nikitarusskikh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-0874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>Владимир Георгиевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, заместитель директора по научной работе НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vgp-04@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0918-3857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мудунов</surname><given-names>Али Мурадович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mudunov</surname><given-names>Ali M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующий отделом опухолей головы и шеи</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ali.mudunov@info.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-0765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подвязников</surname><given-names>Сергей Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podvyaznikov</surname><given-names>Sergey O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры онкологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">podvs@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-5985</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>Илья Станиславович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>Ilja S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., старший научный сотрудник отдела опухолей головы и шеи НИИ клинической онкологии, доцент кафедры онкологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">drromanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5894-1917</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поляков</surname><given-names>Андрей Павлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakov</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., руководитель отделения микрохирургии МНИОИ им. Герцена</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">appolyakov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-5081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слепцов</surname><given-names>Илья Валерьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sleptsov</surname><given-names>Ilja V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры хирургии с курсом хирургической эндокринологии Института усовершенствования врачей, заместитель директора по медицинской части</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">newsurgery@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-664X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черников</surname><given-names>Роман Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>Roman A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., заведующий отделением эндокринологии и эндокринной хирургии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yaddd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7817-9069</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Леонидович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobyov</surname><given-names>Sergey L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., заведующий морфологическим отделом</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">slvorob@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3026-6315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеев</surname><given-names>Валентин Викторович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeyev</surname><given-names>Valentin V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующий кафедрой эндокринологии</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">walfad@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Эндокринологический научный центр&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Endocrinology Research Centre&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Эндокринологический научный центр&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России;&amp;nbsp;ФГАОУ ВО &amp;ldquo;Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Endocrinology Research Centre;&amp;nbsp;I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБОУ ВПО &amp;ldquo;Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России;&amp;nbsp;ФУВ &amp;ldquo;Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center;&amp;nbsp;The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Национальный медицинский исследовательский радиологический центр&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;National Medical Research Radiological Centre&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Национальный медико-хирургический центр им. Н.И. Пирогова&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России;&amp;nbsp;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Санкт-Петербургский многопрофильный центр&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;National Medical Surgery Center named after N.I. Pirogov;&amp;nbsp;Saint-Petersburg Multiprofile Medical Center&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГБУ &amp;ldquo;Санкт-Петербургский многопрофильный центр&amp;rdquo; Минздрава России&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;Saint-Petersburg Multiprofile Medical Center&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-9"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>&lt;p&gt;ФГАОУ ВО &amp;ldquo;Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>&lt;p&gt;I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University&lt;/p&gt;</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бельцевич Д.Г., Ванушко В.Э., Румянцев П.О., Мельниченко Г.А., Кузнецов Н.С., Абросимов А.Ю., Поляков В.Г., Мудунов А.М., Подвязников С.О., Романов И.С., Поляков А.П., Слепцов И.В., Черников Р.А., Воробьев С.Л., Фадеев В.В., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бельцевич Д.Г., Ванушко В.Э., Румянцев П.О., Мельниченко Г.А., Кузнецов Н.С., Абросимов А.Ю., Поляков В.Г., Мудунов А.М., Подвязников С.О., Романов И.С., Поляков А.П., Слепцов И.В., Черников Р.А., Воробьев С.Л., Фадеев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Beltsevich D.G., Vanushko V.E., Rumiantsev P.O., Melnichenko G.A., Kuznetsov N.S., Abrosimov A.Y., Polyakov V.G., Mudunov A.M., Podvyaznikov S.O., Romanov I.S., Polyakov A.P., Sleptsov I.V., Chernikov R.A., Vorobyov S.L., Fadeyev V.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.surg-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/8826">https://www.surg-endojournals.ru/jour/article/view/8826</self-uri><abstract><p>В представленных клинических рекомендациях обсуждаются современные подходы к диагностике и лечению дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы у взрослых. Изменения в настоящей редакции Клинических рекомендаций касаются показаний к пункционной биопсии, скринингового определения концентрации кальцитонина, унификации заключений цитологического исследования, новых подходах к послеоперационной динамической стратификации риска рецидива, показаний к супрессивной и заместительной терапии, таргетной терапии йоднегативных форм дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Russian clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer is dedicated to the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. The guideline modifications 2016 include the following matters: indication for fine-needle aspiration biopsy, calcitonin screening, standards for biopsy results, new positions of postoperative risk stratification, indication for suppressive therapy and thyroid replacement therapy, targeted therapy in patients with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дифференцированный рак щитовидной железы</kwd><kwd>ДРЩЖ</kwd><kwd>тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия</kwd><kwd>ТАБ</kwd><kwd>скрининг</kwd><kwd>кальцитонин</kwd><kwd>цитология</kwd><kwd>супрессивная терапия</kwd><kwd>заместительная терапия</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>радиойод-резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>differentiated thyroid cancer</kwd><kwd>fine-needle aspiration</kwd><kwd>FNAB</kwd><kwd>FNA</kwd><kwd>screening</kwd><kwd>calcitonin</kwd><kwd>cytology</kwd><kwd>suppressive therapy</kwd><kwd>thyroid replacement therapy</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Список сокращений</title><p>АТ-ТГ – антитела к тиреоглобулину</p><p>ВДРЩЖ – высокодифференцированный рак щитовидной железы</p><p>ДЛТ – дистанционная лучевая терапия</p><p>КТ – компьютерная томография</p><p>МРТ – магнитно-резонансная томография</p><p>МРЩЖ – медуллярный рак щитовидной железы</p><p>ПЭТ – позитронно-эмиссионная томография</p><p>РЙТ – радиойодтерапия</p><p>РЩЖ – рак щитовидной железы</p><p>СВТ – сцинтиграфия всего тела</p><p>ТАБ – тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия</p><p>ТГ – тиреоглобулин</p><p>ТТГ – тиреотропный гормон</p><p>УЗИ – ультразвуковое исследование</p><p>18ФДГ-ПЭТ – позитронно-эмиссионная томография с 18-фтордезоксиглюкозой</p><p>ЦЛАЭ – центральная лимфаденэктомия</p><p>ЩЖ – щитовидная железа</p></sec><sec><title>Цель рекомендаций</title><p>Цель настоящих рекомендаций – суммировать мнения экспертов по ключевым и наиболее принципиальным аспектам диагностики и лечения высокодифференцированного рака щитовидной железы (ВДРЩЖ) применительно к клинической практике.</p><p>Основные отличия этого документа от предыдущей версии 2007 г.:</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения рекомендаций</title><p>Представленные рекомендации не претендуют на систематическое изложение всех аспектов диагностики и лечения дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы (РЩЖ) у взрослых и не призваны заменить руководства по различным медицинским дисциплинам. В реальной клинической практике могут возникать ситуации, выходящие за рамки представленных рекомендаций, в связи с чем окончательное решение в отношении конкретного пациента и ответственность за него возлагаются на лечащего врача.</p></sec><sec><title>Диагностика</title><p>Первичная диагностика</p><p>Подавляющее большинство наблюдений РЩЖ выявляют при обследовании пациентов по поводу узлового зоба. Меньшая часть случаев диагностируется в связи с отягощенным личным или семейным анамнезом, изменением голоса, обнаружением увеличенных шейных лимфоузлов или отдаленных метастазов.</p><p>Рекомендация 1. Методом первичной диагностики узлового зоба является пальпация щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) и регионарных лимфоузлов, предварительная оценка голосовой функции, сбор анамнеза для исключения факторов риска принадлежности к группе риска развития агрессивных форм РЩЖ [3–10], среди которых:</p></sec><sec><title>Лабораторная диагностика</title><p>Рекомендация 2. При выявлении у пациента узлового образования ЩЖ показано определение концентрации тиреотропного гормона (ТТГ) и кальцитонина в крови. Оценка базальной концентрации кальцитонина в крови значительно превосходит тонкоигольную аспирационную биопсию (ТАБ) в диагностике медуллярного рака щитовидной железы (МРЩЖ). Это исследование может повлиять на показания к ТАБ, поэтому должно проводиться на первичном этапе обследования [11–15].</p><p>Рекомендация 3. Концентрацию кальцитонина необходимо оценивать с учетом гендерных различий верхней границы референсных значений (женщины – до 5 пг/мл, мужчины – до 12 пг/мл) [11–15]. При превышении уровня базального кальцитонина дальнейшие диагностические и лечебные шаги в отношении МРЩЖ рассматриваются в соответствии с Российскими клиническими рекомендациями по диагностике и лечению МРЩЖ 2012 г. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit16">16</xref>].</p><p>Рекомендация 4. Дооперационное определение концентрации тиреоглобулина (ТГ) нецелесообразно, так как на этом этапе показатель не является маркером РЩЖ [17–19].</p></sec><sec><title>Ультразвуковое исследование</title><p>Несмотря на высокую разрешающую способность, ультразвуковое исследование (УЗИ) не следует использовать в популяции в качестве метода скрининга РЩЖ в связи с низкой эффективностью как с клинической, так и с финансовой позиции: метод выявляет большое число случаев узлового коллоидного зоба, который, как правило, не имеет клинического значения и не требует какого-либо лечения.</p><p>Раннее выявление микрокарцином (опухоли менее 1 см) не оказывает влияния на прогноз общей и безрецидивной выживаемости больных.</p><p>Основная роль УЗИ при ВДРЩЖ – уточнение показаний к ТАБ, навигация при ее выполнении, оценка местной распространенности процесса и состояния лимфоузлов для определения оптимального объема оперативного вмешательства [20–22].</p><p>Рекомендация 5. Показаниями к УЗИ являются:</p><p>Рекомендация 6. Протокол УЗИ ЩЖ включает определение размеров, локализации, ультразвуковых характеристик опухоли. Подозрительными признаками являются (оценивают только в солидных узлах или в солидных участках узлов) [23–30]:</p><p>Рекомендация 7. Протокол УЗИ регионарных лимфоузлов должен включать оценку следующих параметров [31–33]:</p><p>Наиболее специфичными признаками, позволяющими заподозрить метастатическое поражение лимфоузла, являются микрокальцинаты, кистозный компонент, периферическая васкуляризация, сходство ткани лимфоузла с тканью ЩЖ; менее специфичными – увеличение размеров, закругленность контуров, отсутствие ворот.</p><p>Рекомендация 8. При наличии подозрительных ультразвуковых признаков в задачу УЗИ входит оценка подвижности голосовых складок (зависит от анатомического строения гортани).</p><p>Рекомендация 9. При ВДРЩЖ или подозрении на него независимо от субъективной оценки голосовой функции на дооперационном этапе показано проведение ларингоскопии.</p></sec><sec><title>Тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия</title><p>ТАБ является основным методом дифференциальной диагностики доброкачественных и злокачественных поражений ЩЖ и лимфатических узлов.</p><p>Рекомендация 10. ТАБ необходимо проводить под ультразвуковым контролем.</p><p>ТАБ может выполнять врач любой специальности, владеющий методикой ее проведения (эндокринолог, эндокринный хирург, онколог, врач лучевой диагностики).</p><p>Рекомендация 11. Показания для проведения ТАБ [31–37]:</p><p>При образованиях менее 1 см, если пациент не относится к группе риска наличия агрессивных форм РЩЖ, проведение ТАБ нецелесообразно независимо от ультразвуковых характеристик.</p><p>Рекомендация 12. При получении доброкачественного цитологического заключения из узла с явными подозрительными ультразвуковыми признаками ТАБ необходимо повторить в ближайшее время.</p><p>Рекомендация 13. При обнаружении измененных регионарных лимфоузлов показана их прицельная ТАБ, диагностическая точность которой повышается при исследовании смыва из иглы на ТГ или кальцитонин в зависимости от предполагаемой морфологической формы РЩЖ.</p></sec><sec><title>Цитологическое исследование</title><p>Рекомендация 14. Рекомендовано использование шести стандартных категорий заключений современной международной цитологической классификации (Bethesda Thyroid Classification, 2009) [38, 39]:</p><p>Заключения, содержащие только описательную часть, а также заключения без конкретного цитологического диагноза неинформативны. В этих ситуациях необходимо проконсультировать готовые цитологические препараты у опытного морфолога или повторить ТАБ в специализированном лечебном учреждении.</p></sec><sec><title>Молекулярно-генетическое исследование</title><p>Для дифференциальной диагностики опухолей ЩЖ в рамках цитологического заключения III, IV и V групп по Bethesda Thyroid Classification (2009) может быть полезным генетическое тестирование на BRAF и другие маркеры (RAS, RET/PTC, PAX8/PPAR-γ, TERT и др.). На сегодняшний день возможности этого метода ограничены и требуют дальнейшего накопления данных [40–45].</p></sec><sec><title>Компьютерная томография</title><p>Рекомендация 15. Компьютерная томография (КТ) шеи и грудной клетки с контрастированием показана [46–53]:</p><p>Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) и 18ФДГ-ПЭТ применяют для диагностики метастазов по индивидуальным показаниям. При шейно-грудной локализации метастатического процесса эти методы значительно уступают диагностическому комплексу УЗИ  + ТАБ + КТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Лечение</title><p>Хирургическое лечение [54–68]</p><p>Рекомендация 16. Лечение и наблюдение пациентов с ВДРЩЖ должны проводиться в специализированных медицинских учреждениях, обладающих полноценным арсеналом средств диагностики и опытом лечения ВДРЩЖ.</p><p>Рекомендация 17. Показанием к хирургическому лечению при ВДРЩЖ являются IV, V и VI категории цитологического заключения по современной международной цитологической классификации (Bethesda Thyroid Classification, 2009). При III категории (атипия неясного значения) необходима повторная пункция, по результатам которой уточняются степень риска злокачественности узла и показания к оперативному лечению.</p><p>Рекомендация 18. Показания к оперативному лечению при III и IV категориях цитологического заключения могут обсуждаться в индивидуальном порядке с пациентом в рамках применения молекулярно-генетических панелей, дающих дополнительную информацию о риске ВДРЩЖ. Тем не менее в связи с крайне ограниченным опытом таких исследований в России группа экспертов на момент публикации этого документа не высказывает мнения ни “за”, ни “против”.</p><p>Рекомендация 19. Первичный объем оперативного лечения при заключениях, в разной степени подозрительных в отношении ВДРЩЖ (III–V категории), зависит оттактики, принятой в конкретном специализированном учреждении. Основополагающим является окончательный объем оперативного лечения по результатам планового гистологического исследования.</p><p>Применение срочного интраоперационного морфологического исследования при III и IV категории цитологического заключения не является обязательным, так как обладает низкой чувствительностью в диагностике ВДРЩЖ, а при V и VI категории не показано. Современные технологии позволяют получить результаты планового исследования в сроки, когда повторное вмешательство может быть осуществлено вне формирования рубцового процесса.</p><p>Рекомендация 20. При опухоли более 4 см или при опухоли с выраженной экстратиреоидной инвазией (клинически T4), клинически выраженными метастазами (сN1) или отдаленными метастазами (M1) первичное лечение – тиреоидэктомия с максимальной хирургической аблацией опухолевой ткани в пределах возможных противопоказаний.</p><p>Рекомендация 21. При опухоли от 1 до 4 cм без экстратиреоидной инвазии (определяемой клинически или по данным УЗИ) и/или метастатических лимфоузлов (cN0) возможна как тиреоидэктомия, так и гемитиреоидэктомия.</p><p>Гемитиреоидэктомия – адекватный объем операции у пациентов с папиллярным раком щитовидной железы (ПРЩЖ) группы низкого риска (без семейного анамнеза РЩЖ и облучения головы и шеи). Возможный выбор тиреоидэктомии связан с решением о послеоперационной радиойодтерапии (РЙТ) и упрощенным наблюдением или предпочтениями пациента.</p></sec><sec><title>Хирургическое вмешательство на лимфоузлах шеи [69–96]</title><p>Рекомендация 22. Удаление лимфатических узлов центральной зоны (VI уровень) показано, если по данным дооперационного обследования есть подозрение на наличие метастазов в этой зоне (cN1) или они выявлены интраоперационно.</p><p>Рекомендация 23. Профилактическая центральная лимфаденэктомия (ЦЛАЭ) (VI уровень, ипси- или билатеральная) показана:</p><p>Профилактическая ЦЛАЭ при размере опухоли менее 2 см увеличивает частоту осложнений, не оказывая влияния на летальность, однако снижает число рецидивов и повторных вмешательств (частота микрометастазирования в центральной клетчатке составляет 25–30%). Большинство экспертов высказываются против этой процедуры. Часть экспертов высказываются за проведение аблационной РЙТ пациентам моложе 50 лет, с учетом выской частоты микрометастазирования. Однако, с другой стороны, лечебная необходимость РЙТ при Т1N0M0 сомнительна, и в большинстве случаев применение радиоактивного йода не показано.</p><p>Существует проблема неточности послеоперационного определения стадии N в условиях невыполненной ЦЛАЭ. В данной ситуации решение о проведении РЙТ в аблационном режиме или при вираже ТГ может быть принято индивидуально.</p><p>Рекомендация 24. Удаление клетчатки II–V уровней фасциально-клетчаточного пространства шеи выполняют только при доказанном метастатическом поражении лимфоузлов этих зон по результатам ТАБ. Селективное удаление метастатических лимфоузлов вне футлярно-фасциального блока не рекомендовано.</p></sec><sec><title>Послеоперационная стратификация риска рецидива ВДРЩЖ</title><p>Стадирование послеоперационного риска ВДРЩЖ по классификации AJCC/UICC TNM в настоящий момент не удовлетворяет современным требованиям планирования дальнейших лечебных методов и наблюдения [97–108].</p><p>Классификация AJCC/UICC TNM не учитывает:</p><p>Современные принципы стадирования послеоперационного риска основаны на рекомендациях АТА 2009 в модификации АТА 2015. Выделяют три группы: высокого, промежуточного и низкого риска [1, 2].</p><p>Группа низкого риска</p><p>Группа промежуточного риска</p><p>Группа высокого риска</p><p>Рекомендация 25. После выполнения органосохраняющих операций в случаях, когда по результатам стратификации риска рецидива пациент относится к группе промежуточного или высокого риска, показано выполнение окончательной тиреоидэктомии для последующего применения радиоактивного йода.</p></sec><sec><title>Терапия радиоактивным йодом</title><p>РЙТ проводится на фоне двухнедельной диеты с низким содержанием йода. Для РЙТ требуется высокая концентрация ТТГ крови (выше 30 мЕд/л). Последняя может достигаться путем эндогенной стимуляции при отмене левотироксина на 4 нед или введения рекомбинантного человеческого ТТГ [1, 2, 109–112].</p><p>Рекомендация 26. С целью подготовки к РЙТ необходимо отменить левотироксин за 4 нед до процедуры. Целевые значения ТТГ для проведения РЙТ – выше 30 мЕд/л, хотя оптимальная концентрация ТТГ до сих пор не определена.</p><p>Применение рекомбинантного человеческого ТТГ для подготовки к РЙТ может рассматриваться [111, 113–133]:</p><p>РЙТ позволяет уничтожить остатки тиреоидной ткани и накапливающие радиоактивный йод очаги опухоли. Оказывает положительное влияние на общую и безрецидивную выживаемость в группе промежуточного и высокого риска. Сцинтиграфия всего тела (СВТ), проведенная после РЙТ, позволяет выявлять метастазы ВДРЩЖ.</p><p>Рекомендация 27. В связи с отсутствием влияния на показатели смертности РЙТ в группе низкого риска не показана.</p><p>Рекомендация 28. РЙТ показана больным группы промежуточного и высокого риска, так как достоверно уменьшает вероятность прогрессирования заболевания и увеличивает выживаемость, но может отличаться режимом дозирования и кратностью выполнения. В группе промежуточного риска выполняется радиойодаблация активностью 30 мКи. В группе высокого риска выполняется РЙТ активностями от 30 до150 мКи [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Послеоперационное ведение пациентов</title><p>Динамическая стратификация риска</p><p>Принадлежность пациента к определенной группе риска не является постоянной и должна подлежать динамической переоценке в зависимости от ответа на проведенное лечение. Это позволяет индивидуализировать динамическое наблюдение, снизить финансовые затраты и своевременно выявить структурный рецидив заболевания, тем самым оказав положительное влияние на прогноз заболевания.</p><p>Динамическая стратификация риска позволяет разделить пациентов на следующие четыре основные группы по результатам проведенного лечения [1, 2, 68, 134–137].</p><p>В данной группе приблизительно у 30% больных происходит спонтанное снижение биохимических показателей, у 20% – ремиссия после дополнительного лечения (РЙТ), у 20% выявляют структурный рецидив. Смертность, связанная с РЩЖ, &lt;1%.</p><p>При сохранении стабильной концентрации ТГ или ее снижении в большинстве случаев проводят наблюдение, при отсутствии специфических противопоказаний предпочтительна супрессия уровня ТТГ. При росте ТГ или вираже АТ-ТГ рекомендуется активное обследование и проведение дополнительных лечебных опций (РЙТ).</p><p>В качестве промежуточной группы между пациентами с биохимической ремиссией и биохимическим рецидивом выделена группа с неопределенным опухолевым статусом.</p><p>III. Неопределенный опухолевый статус:</p><p>Неспецифические изменения могут быть стабильны или исчезнуть, вероятность структурного рецидива оценивается несколько меньше, чем в группе биохимического рецидива (15–20%), специфическая смертность &lt;1%. В большинстве случаев необходимо продолжить наблюдение (визуализация, ТГ). При подозрительных изменениях прибегнуть к дополнительной визуализации и биопсии.</p><p>Прогноз: около 50–60% пациентов сохраняют персистенцию, несмотря на дополнительное лечение. Смертность, связанная с РЩЖ, при шейных метастазах составляет 11%, при отдаленных – 50%. Выбор лечебной тактики зависит от размера, локализации, объема поражения, скорости роста, захвата 131I или 18ФДГ, гистологического варианта опухоли.</p></sec><sec><title>Терапия левотироксином</title><p>Заместительная терапия препаратами тиреоидных гормонов направлена на коррекцию послеоперационного гипотиреоза, супрессивная – на подавление ТТГ-зависимого роста остаточных опухолевых клеток. Препаратом выбора является левотироксин [1, 2, 138–152].</p><p>Рекомендация 29. В группе низкого риска и биохимической ремиссии проведение супрессивной терапии левотироксином не показано. Необходимо проведение заместительной терапии.</p><p>Рекомендация 30. В группах промежуточного риска, биохимического рецидива и неопределенного опухолевого статуса проводится:</p><p>Рекомендация 31. В группе высокого риска и структурного рецидива показана супрессивная терапия, кроме пациентов с фибрилляцией предсердий, которым проводится мягкая супрессия.</p></sec><sec><title>Целевые диапазоны тиреотропного гормона в различных режимах лечения [1]</title><p>Рекомендация 32. Наблюдение следует проводить в течение всей жизни пациента в специализированном медицинском учреждении. Обязательной является постановка больного на онкологический учет.</p></sec><sec><title>Определение тиреоглобулина и антител к тиреоглобулину</title><p>Наиболее высокочувствительным методом динамического наблюдения является определение ТГ – специфического высокочувствительного маркера тиреоцитов, а также клеток папиллярного и фолликулярного РЩЖ.</p><p>Присутствие в крови АТ-ТГ может стать причиной ложноотрицательного результата исследования ТГ. Определение ТГ должно осуществляться с помощью чувствительного иммунорадиометрического анализа (функциональная чувствительность 0,2 нг/мл) [1, 153–195].</p><p>После первичного лечения ТГ может обнаруживаться в крови пациентов в течение нескольких месяцев, поэтому его определение целесообразно выполнять не ранее чем через 3 мес после проведения последнего лечебного этапа.</p><p>Рекомендация 33. Послеоперационное определение ТГ и АТ-ТГ на фоне терапии левотироксином должно проводиться каждые 6–12 мес, в группе высокого риска возможно более частое определение.</p><p>Рекомендация 34. В группе биохимической ремиссии интервал определения ТГ и АТ-ТГ на фоне терапии левотироксином может быть изменен до 12–24 мес.</p><p>Рекомендация 35. Интервал определения ТТГ составляет не более 12 мес для всех пациентов на фоне терапии левотироксином.</p><p>Рекомендация 36. Динамическое определение ТГ не реже 6–12 мес необходимо в группах:</p><p>Рекомендация 37. Динамическое определение ТГ на фоне терапии левотироксином должно проводиться:</p><p>Вираж ТГ у этой категории больных требует дифференциального диагноза между ростом оставленной здоровой ткани ЩЖ и рецидивом ВДРЩЖ.</p><p>Рекомендация 38. Повторное определение стимулированного ТГ рекомендовано в группах:</p><p>Рекомендация 39. Повторное определение стимулированного ТГ не рекомендовано в группах:</p></sec><sec><title>Послеоперационное ультразвуковое исследование [70, 190, 195–202]</title><p>Рекомендация 40. После оперативного лечения УЗИ шеи проводят через 6–12 мес в зависимости от группы риска и динамики концентрации ТГ.</p><p>Рекомендация 41. При выявлении подозрительных лимфоузлов при УЗИ максимальным размером более 0,8–1,0 см проводят прицельную ТАБ, которая дополняется определением ТГ в смыве из иглы. При меньшем размере лимфоузла возможно динамическое наблюдение (если его размеры остаются стабильными и нет угрозы прорастания жизненно важных структур).</p></sec><sec><title>Сцинтиграфия всего тела [205–216]</title><p>Рекомендация 42. У пациентов с биохимической ремиссией после РЙТ проведение плановой СВТ не показано.</p><p>Рекомендация 43. СВТ показана через 6–12 мес после РЙТ у пациентов группы высокого и промежуточного риска без достижения биохимической ремиссии и с персистенцией заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>Компьютерная томография, магнитно-резонансная томография, позитронно-эмиссионная томография [46–53, 217–228]</title><p>Рекомендация 44. КТ показана:</p><p>Рекомендация 45. МРТ головного мозга, скелета, КТ или МРТ брюшной полости показаны пациентам группы высокого риска с повышенной концентрацией ТГ (как правило, более 10 нг/мл):</p><p>Рекомендация 46. 18ФДГ-ПЭТ показана пациентам группы высокого риска:</p></sec><sec><title>Таргетная терапия [1, 229–237]</title><p>Рекомендация 47. Системная таргетная терапия препаратами, зарегистрированными в РФ по данным медицинским показаниям (сорафениб и ленватиниб), показана при неэффективности РЙТ и доказанном прогрессировании опухоли в течение 3–12 мес согласно критериям RECIST 1.1 в случаях:</p><p>Рекомендация 48. Выбор препарата для системной таргетной терапии осуществляется индивидуально на основе прогноза эффективности и безопасности для каждого конкретного пациента.</p><p>Рекомендация 49. В случае прогрессирования опухоли или развития угрожающей жизни токсичности на фоне применения одного препарата рекомендуется перевод пациента на прием другого препарата.</p></sec><sec><title>Дистанционная лучевая терапия</title><p>Рекомендация 50. Применение дистанционной лучевой терапии (ДЛТ) ограничено в связи с низкой чувствительностью ВДРЩЖ к данному виду лечения. Показания к применению ДЛТ ограничены случаями наличия солитарных опухолевых очагов, не накапливающих радиоактивный йод и хирургически нерезектабельных (в том числе по причине высокого риска осложнений). В качестве паллиативного лечения ДЛТ может быть применена при болевом или компрессионном синдроме (например, при сдавлении трахеи, спинного мозга).</p></sec><sec><title>Рак щитовидной железы и беременность [238–242]</title><p>ВДРЩЖ в большинстве случаев является опухолью с латентной прогрессией, и его выявление во время беременности не является показанием к ее прерыванию. Беременность не является фактором, способствующим прогрессированию ВДРЩЖ. Большинство исследований свидетельствуют о том, что отдаленный прогноз ВДРЩЖ, диагностированного во время беременности, ничем не отличается от такового, выявленного в других ситуациях. Нет никаких различий в показателях летальности и персистенции ВДРЩЖ у беременных, оперированных во втором триместре до 24-й недели, и у женщин, оперированных после родов. Более того, по данным ретроспективных исследований, прогноз не ухудшается даже при проведении оперативного лечения спустя год после первичной диагностики ВДРЩЖ во время беременности.</p><p>Если при пункционной биопсии и цитологическом исследовании у беременной поставлен диагноз ВДРЩЖ, ей показано оперативное лечение, однако решение о сроках проведения операции должно быть индивидуализировано. Если принято решение о проведении оперативного вмешательства непосредственно во время беременности, для минимизации риска самопроизвольного аборта и преждевременных родов оно рекомендуется во втором триместре до 24-й недели беременности.</p><p>Существуют исследования, в которых сообщается о более высокой частоте специфических и неспецифических осложнений у женщин, перенесших операцию в период беременности, по отношению к небеременным женщинам, что потребовало более длительного пребывания в стационаре и повышенных затрат на лечение.</p><p>После тиреоидэктомии, выполненной во время беременности, заместительная терапия левотироксином показана сразу после операции в полной заместительной дозе – около 2 мкг на 1 кг массы тела. Целевые значения ТТГ на фоне заместительной терапии левотироксином во время беременности составляют 0,1–2,5 мЕд/л.</p><p>Вопрос о планировании беременности у пациенток, получавших тот или иной вариант лечения по поводу ВДРЩЖ, решается индивидуально. В ситуации, когда лечение ограничивается оперативным вмешательством, беременность (включая использование вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий) можно планировать сразу после операции. Если лечение подразумевает РЙТ, беременность может планироваться не ранее чем через год после этого варианта лечения.</p><p>Рекомендация 51. Выявление ВДРЩЖ не является показанием для прерывания беременности.</p><p>Рекомендация 52. Выявление ВДРЩЖ является показанием к оперативному лечению, сроки которого определяются индивидуально, при этом в большинстве случаев оно может быть отложено до послеродового периода.</p><p>Рекомендация 53. При ВДРЩЖ, диагностированном цитологически на ранних сроках беременности, показано динамическое УЗИ с частотой 1 раз в месяц. При прогрессирующем увеличении опухоли в размерах или появлении измененных регионарных лимфоузлов показано оперативное лечение во втором триместре беременности в сроке до 24-й недели.</p><p>Рекомендация 54. Вопрос о планировании беременности женщинами, получившими лечение по поводу ВДРЩЖ, решается индивидуально: оно возможно сразу после оперативного лечения или спустя 6 мес после РЙТ. Мужчинам, прошедшим лечение радиоактивным йодом, не рекомендуют участвовать в планировании беременности в течение 120 дней (период жизни сперматозоида).</p><p>Рекомендация 55. Основным условием планирования беременности после оперативного вмешательства на ЩЖ является поддержание стойкого эутиреоза и назначение заместительной терапии левотироксином (около 2 мкг/кг) с целевым показателем концентрации ТТГ 0,1–2,5 мЕд/л. Контролировать содержание ТТГ в крови во время беременности необходимо 1 раз в 6–8 нед.</p><p>Рекомендация 56. Женщинам, которые получили лечение по поводу ВДРЩЖ, не противопоказано грудное вскармливание.</p><p>Рекомендация 57. Объем комплексного лечения пациенток с ВДРЩЖ может быть индивидуализирован исходя из факта планирования беременности (терапия радиоактивным йодом может быть в ряде случаев отложена).</p></sec><sec><title>Информация о финансировании и конфликте интересов</title><p>Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов, связанных с публикацией настоящих рекомендаций.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. 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