Parathyroid glands: the normal development, anatomy and histological structure
https://doi.org/10.14341/serg10039
Abstract
Parathyroid glands (PG) are endocrine glands, which are the most important humoral regulators of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. They were first described by an Englishman Richard Owen in 1849. Most of patients have four PG – upper and lower. In 13% of cases there are more than four PG. The glands arise as diverticula from the endoderm of the third and fourth branchial pouches between the fifth and twelfth week of gestation. The IV branchial pouch forms the upper gland, and III pouch forms the inferior gland.
The parathyroid hormone production has been demonstrated as early as 83/7 weeks gestational age. The formation, migration, differentiation and functioning of the PGs are determined by a number of genes and changes in them could lead to disfunction in these processes. The ectopic of PG is possible when migration violation (up to 22% of cases). The most common location of the ectopic PG is parenchyma of the thymus and thyroid gland. Each PG is richly vascularized and it is surrounded by a thin connective tissue. In adults, there are two types of parenchymal cells: the chief cells (active and inactive forms) and the oxyphil cells. During the life, the ratio of types of parenchymal cells and their activity have been changing, as well as the characteristics of the stroma.
About the Authors
Natalia G. MokryshevaEndocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation
MD, PhD, Professor
Julia A. Krupinova
Endocrinology Research Centre
Russian Federation
MD
Iya A. Voronkova
Endocrinology Research Centre; M.F. Vladimirskiy Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute
Russian Federation
MD, PhD
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1. Pic 1. The normal structure of OSS of an overweight patient (stained with hematoxylin and eosin, HC 4). | |
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2. Fig. 2. Normal structure of OAS (staining with hematoxylin and eosin, H200). OSZHZh enclosed in a thin connective tissue capsule (arrow). The parenchyma of the gland is represented mainly by the main cells [1] in different phases of the secretory cycle, there are clusters of oxyphilic cells [2]. In the stroma, adipocytes [3] and a well-developed vascular network. | |
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For citations:
Mokrysheva N.G., Krupinova J.A., Voronkova I.A. Parathyroid glands: the normal development, anatomy and histological structure. Endocrine Surgery. 2018;12(4):178-187. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.14341/serg10039
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