Primary hyperparathyroidism is the third most common disease of the endocrine system. It is characterized by an increase in parathyroid hormone, hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, hypophosphatemia. Symptoms include polyuria, bone pain, weakness, and constipation. In most cases, primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by solitary parathyroid adenoma — 85%. Other causes include hyperplasia (5%), multiple adenomas (<5%), and cancer (<1%). However, particular attention in this article is paid to two causes of primary hyperparathyroidism: parathyroid adenoma and cancer, as they are of high interest both from a molecular point of view and from the clinical features of these tumors. In addition, these tumors overlap in their symptoms and signs and the diagnosis is often made only after histological examination. In total, we identified 2700 articles, of which 66 met the inclusion criteria. The 66 included studies were topical for tumor lesions of the parathyroid gland. They were held between 1997 and 2022. This review emphasizes the importance of further research of the molecular features of these diseases and, possibly, targeted treatment options, since, for example, in cancer, even with R0 resection, the risk of recurrence is high. The article also focuses on the issues of the new World Health Organization 2022 classification of tumor lesions of the parathyroid gland, which is also important for a unified study of these tumors.

Currently, surgical methods of treatment are increasingly used to achieve remission of diabetes mellitus associated with obesity: laparoscopic gastric bypass, longitudinal resection of the stomach and others. In clinical practice, after this type of surgical intervention, patients often experience changes in taste habits and violations of tolerance to foods, nausea, vomiting, intolerance to the smell, type and texture of food. This review summarizes research data on the factors influencing changes in the gut and salivary microbiota, on the impact of microbiota composition on the development of obesity, on changes in taste habits in patients after bariatric surgery, and on possible causes of changes. To search for sources, Internet resources PubMed, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.ru were used for the last 10 years, to access the full text of articles, the websites of publishers Springer, Elsevier and others were used. According to the search results, 101 sources were analyzed, 60 of them are included in this review.

We present a clinical case of 22yo patient with diagnosis of pheochoromocytoma complicated with myelodysplastic syndrome as manifestation of paraneoplastic phenomenon. The onset of the disease displays typical clinical picture of pheochromacytoma. After medical examination and survey it was discovered a tumor in left adrenal gland and elevation of metanephrines and normetanephrines. In addition, patient has severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. Sternal punction with morphological examination and immunophenotyping were performed. Patient had consulted by hematologist. After all additional analysis cause of anemia and thrombocytopenia remained unknown and related to presence of tumor.

Patient was performed a long-time and vast pre-operative preparation with administration of doxazosin and transfusions of blood and platelet concentrate. In continuation, mass in left adrenal gland was excised with spleen by thoracophrenolaparotomy. Morphology confirmed pheochromacytoma, which has typical histological structure and circulatory disorders. Spleen has no specifical features except of focuses of extramedullar hematopoiesis. Patient has short period of hormone therapy to avoid adrenal crisis on post-operative stage. Also massive transfutions of blood and platelet concentrate was performed due to persisting anemia and thrombocytopenia. There were no manifestations of hemorrhage syndrome after the surgery. Myelodysplastic syndrome was detected 3 month later and manifested itself in form of refractory anemia and severe thrombocytopenia, which persisted for long period and required corrections with therapy and transfusions. Only through 5-year observation after adrenalectomy patient has positive dynamic and leveling of laboratory tests without symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug that is widely used in clinical practice to control various types of arrhythmias. One of the most significant side effects of amiodarone therapy is thyroid dysfunction, which is observed in about 15–20% of patients. This article presents a clinical case of a 55-year-old patient with a paroxysmal form of atrial fibrillation, for which amiodarone therapy was performed with the development of manifest amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, refractory to drug therapy with glucocorticosteroids and thyrostatics. Due to the ineffectiveness of drug therapy, a total thyroidectomy was performed, which led to a rapid resolution of thyrotoxicosis and normalization of the heart rhythm.